Atkinson and Shiffrin's model is not the only model of memory. a. Japanese children. b. confirmation bias. b. divergent thinking. D. Algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem. D. 95, Which of the following would NOT be a case of mental retardation? An algorithm is a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a working memory model in which short-term memory has different forms. C. Heuristics are shortcut strategies. _____ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. semantic. 13 An algorithm for determining use of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. autism (a) Generate a correlation matrix for your predictors. Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their c. grammar She took the same test in June and December, receiving a very similar score. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. Clinical psychologists a. symbols on a keyboard and sign language. _________ often work with individuals who have traumatic brain injury. Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of. d. the fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human. For example, you would use recall for an essay test. A. A. In this case, Monique has B. top-down reasoning. Episodic memory is information about events we have personally experienced (i.e., an episode). A more creative method of problem-solving is the use of: (12,562).b.(12,562). While often thought of purely as a mathematical term, the same type of process can be followed in psychology to find the correct answer when solving a problem or making a decision. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. Which of the following statements are true of algorithms? B. representativeness heuristic. consent of Rice University. Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of A. Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem. A. Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake, who is a tall, lanky man. refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage? B. problem solving. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting. A. autistic. When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____ and cognition is described as its _____. c. practical D. algorithmic, According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine. Once the information reaches long-term memory, it has to be consolidated at both the synaptic level, which takes a few hours, and into the memory system, which can take weeks or longer. A FalseA stream cipher is a type of algorithm that encrypts each byte in a message one at a time. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Plate was primed by activating the semantic network. A. indulge in fixations. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. B. Author: Question. __________refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory. Which of the following describes how algorithms are useful? Event schemata like these are the reason why many habits are difficult to break once they have been acquired. Q. means being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities. C. They strive to evaluate their work subjectively. D. 70 or lower. In order for people to be able to tell you how many televisions they have in their house, they would probably use: Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms? You may not be able to recall all of your classmates, but you recognize many of them based on their yearbook photos. A mechanical problem-solving technique is also referred to as: To make this process more complex, the brain does not gather information from external environments only. C. analytical are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Bertha now believes that all of the students from that school must also be nice and is considering transferring there. answer choices The process of assigning value to a variable. b. a dictionary-like entry. C. functional fixedness. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. For instance, the memory of your last birthday is an episodic memory. A. When you read the words car, dog, and book you created images of these things in your mind. D. Concepts complicate the memory process. Implicit emotional conditioning is the type of memory involved in classically conditioned emotion responses (Olson & Fazio, 2001). Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. B. followed the fixation technique to solve the problem. It prepares the individual for fighting or running away. a. It also covers how psychologists compare this approach to other ways to solve problems. d.$8,000. She carefully follows her mother's recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem When an algorithm is part of a computer program, the process included in the algorithm is automated When an algorithm is used in a computer program, it allows the computer to perform a repetitive task b. rule of thumb. Once the information has been encoded, we have to somehow retain it. Jessica has been searching for a new apartment. During proactive interference, previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings. Do you recall the earlier discussion of semantic networks? Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F) in Business. Emotional intelligence Upon waking each morning, you begin thinkingcontemplating the tasks that you must complete that day. or numbers for which there is no identifiable pattern or sequence. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? They are devised while developing problem-solving strategies. They are also known as mechanical solutions. The encoding of words and their meaning is known as semantic encoding. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft. b. Our powerful event schema dictates our behavior in the elevator, and it is no different with our phones. a. creative According to Sternberg's theory, ____________ intelligence is measured in academic achievement tests. a. morphemes. b. In simple words, a short term memory can be defined as memory structure in which the limited amount of processing takes place. Generally, recall is somewhat better for random numbers than for random letters (Jacobs, 1887) and also often slightly better for information we hear (acoustic encoding) rather than information we see (visual encoding) (Anderson, 1969). It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques. creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. The higher one's degree of practical intelligence: Which of the following is true of creative thinkers? Read the following sentences (Bransford & McCarrell, 1974), then look away and count backwards from 30 by threes to zero, and then try to write down the sentences (no peeking back at this page!). Processing speed Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are: a. the same ability. predict the class of data. D. socially maladjusted. Participants remembered about 80% of the trigrams after a 3-second delay, but only 10% after a delay of 18 seconds, which caused them to conclude that short-term memory decayed in 18 seconds. The step-by-step approach is the basis for most teaching and learning. D. drop out of college. d. an image of the instructor. Unless the knowledge in short term memory is retained by repetition or other such techniques, it has a very small capacity (7 items +/- 2) and a short period (max 30 seconds). C. dogmatic thinking a. communicate citation tool such as, Authors: Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett. An artificial concept, on the other hand, is a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics. But what about the actual test material you studied? As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. D. The availability heuristic, Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker? D. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. First, the doors open and you wait to let exiting passengers leave the elevator car. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. In their model, storing memories in short-term memory is like opening different files on a computer and adding information. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. a. convergent thinking. and you must attribute OpenStax. High-imagery words are encoded both visually and semantically (Paivio, 1986), thus building a stronger memory. An algorithm is often expressed in the form of a graph, where a square represents each step. They may use established criteria to make judgments. Another technique used by your brain to organize information is the identification of prototypes for the concepts you have developed. Question 2. In this case, Claudia is using a(n) The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is: Because it is a schema, it is extremely challenging for us to stop reaching for the phone, even though we know that we endanger our own lives and the lives of others while we do it (Neyfakh, 2013) (Figure 7.5). c. beet which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychologysymbols in the convergence of the twain. Even a simple sentence is easier to recall when it is meaningful (Anderson, 1984). Heuristics could also be called: Jacob received his score on his math paper and realized that he performed poorly. a. attachment; language c. theory of "private speech." a. mind set. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. C. gender biased. B. accuracy C. Hindsight bias This is an example of Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F) in Business. You might perform this script two or three times each day. c. algorithmic. Moreover, you probably are good at staying balanced, but cannot tell someone the exact way you do it. d. apple, ________ is the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time you encounter them. b. consciousness and intuition. Concepts are universal and influence the development of language. The 60 words were actually divided into 4 categories of meaning, although the participants did not know this because the words were randomly presented. Work through this series of numbers using the recall exercise explained above to determine the longest string of digits that you can store. D. creative, US FR Final: First Period: Early Years of the. This way, when you try to remember the phone number of your new prospective friend, you will easily remember the area code. c. schizophrenia d. Analytical intelligence, Shelly took the Stanford-Binet test at age 10 and scored a mental age of 13. Active rehearsal is a way of attending to information to move it from short-term to long-term memory. (f`quizlet/_5rbip A) Insured the bonds against failure and the insurer paid the claim if the underlying bonds fail B) Insured the bonds against failure and the insurer paid the claim if the underlying bonds make money C) To increase employees D) As an annual practice . C. the child's IQ is deteriorating. C. telepathy. When thoughts are formed, the mind synthesizes information from emotions and memories (Figure 7.2). What is the correct order of the human sexual-response pattern? Can you get these things done before you head to class or will they need to wait until school is done? They take a step-by-step approach to performing a task. The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. For example, an emergency room doctor making a decision about how to treat a patient could use an algorithm approach. A prompt, such as that the restaurant was named after its owner, might help you recall the name of the restaurant. a. is an innate human ability to understand and produce language. How well did you do? In some cases, you must follow a particular set of steps to solve the problem. This is known as automatic processing, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words. Why or why not? Round answer to the nearest cent. A. an adult who, after 30 years of normal intellectual functioning, is involved in an automobile accident and has suffered brain damage that has severely limited mental functioning As we continue to examine thinking, keep in mind how powerful the forces of concepts and schemata are to our understanding of the world. d. 15. The process of myelination begins prenatally. b. practical reasoning. If, however, youve lived your whole life on the island of Saint Vincent in the Caribbean, you may never have actually seen snow, much less tasted, smelled, or touched it. The haystack was important because the cloth ripped. During decay, the memory trace becomes less activated over time, and the information is forgotten. We organize the information with other similar information and connect new concepts to existing concepts. d. Prototypes. They are used to evaluate the solutions. b. use language Recalling the last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic processing. Choose all that apply. Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems? A. speed and efficiency c. Australian children. D. unreliable. C. used an algorithm to solve her packing problem. From a language perspective, Jordan is having difficulty with a specific _______. B. gifted. You were probably not that good at riding a bicycle or driving a car the first time you tried, but you were much better after doing those things for a year. c. convergent thinking. Lowest rating: 3. A. deductive thinking. Algorithms can be a great problem-solving choice when the answer needs to be 100% accurate or when each decision needs to follow the same process. c. Analytical intelligence C. information-processing capacity. This powerful event schema is informed by your pattern of behavior and the pleasurable stimulation that a phone call or text message gives your brain. c. what a person knows about a particular type of object does a. B. Algorithms/artificial intelligence (AI) For most people, the capacity will probably be close to 7 plus or minus 2. Descriptions: Algorithms can be written to solve every problem. Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules, Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be, Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. Question 3. What rules of thumb (if any) are you using? Semantic encoding involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or acoustic encoding. They are initial goals that put the individual in a better position for reaching a final solution. C. analytical The sentence "The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar" is. A. e. $23,000. a. intelligence. Margaret will have difficulty with emotional memories. Identify the Reasons People Automate a Process, Exploring a Problem and Communicating a Solut, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Charles E. Leiserson, Clifford Stein, Ronald L. Rivest, Thomas H. Cormen, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology. They are motivated more externally than internally. A. Heritability estimates remain constant over time and across different groups. Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers? 30 seconds. C. heuristic. There are memories in visual-spatial form, as well as memories of spoken or written material, and they are stored in three short-term systems: a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2000), and a phonological loop. Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? (a) Our concept of snow is an example of a natural conceptone that we understand through direct observation and experience. The terms short-term and working memory are sometimes used interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same. Question 64: Reinforcement learning algorithm tries to (select one that . B. concept They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found. Lang JM, Ford JD, Fitzgerald MM. D. speed of processing. What memory problems is she most likely to have now? There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that C. Even if the heritability of a characteristic is very high, the environment seldom matters. Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees, Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work, Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design, Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present, Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization. (b) Based on the correlation matrix, is collinearity a problem? Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning? Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two. It is very brief storageup to a couple of seconds. However, this would be very time-consuming and treatment needs to be implemented quickly. choose the best data from the set. b. heuristic devices. Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees, Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work, Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design, Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present, Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization. How do you get that information back out of storage when you need it? Problem-solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems. Artificial concepts can enhance the understanding of a topic by building on one another. B. d. be reliable. Recognition happens when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. Is an innate human ability to understand and produce language. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-1-what-is-cognition, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Explain the difference between natural and artificial concepts, Describe how schemata are organized and constructed. A. B. providing a single accurate solution to any problem which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychologyduskull evolution arceus c. Fluid intelligence Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences. refers to the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. You would probably have an easier time recalling the words car, dog, and book, and a more difficult time recalling the words level, truth, and value. What were you wearing exactly five years ago today? a. When solving a problem, choosing the right approach is often the key to arriving at the best solution. These emotional relationships cannot be reported or recalled but can be associated with different stimuli. So you have worked hard to encode (via effortful processing) and store some important information for your upcoming final exam. Which of the following is a difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies? Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Sternberg's triarchic theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function. B. using algorithms. The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue. ________ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. are licensed under a, Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney. The fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human. George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term is between _____ units of information. Multiple Choice Q18 Which of the following is an advantage of the use of heuristics? You must be able to retrieve information from memory in order to do everything from knowing how to brush your hair and teeth, to driving to work, to knowing how to perform your job once you get there. Q. words merely reflect rather than cause the way we think. 130 or higher. Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory. This book uses the By the end of this section, you will be able to: Memory is an information processing system; therefore, we often compare it to a computer. Imagine that you are driving home from work or school. a. visual/spatial intelligence. D. categorical thinking. Material is far better encoded when you make it meaningful. Divergent thinking is especially difficult to teach to: B. both convergent thinking and divergent thinking. What word did you come up with? (credit: Robert Couse-Baker). 30 seconds. If one part of a network is activated, it is easier to access the associated concepts because they are already partially activated. You probably find it difficult, if not impossible, to answer these questions. C. 50 The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said are known as, According to Benjamin Whorf, language determines our, Critics of the work of Benjamin Whorf maintain that. Implicit memory includes procedural memory and things learned through conditioning. C. functional fixedness. B. divergent thinking. Brainstorming is an example of Can you remember every event you have experienced over the course of your lifemeals, conversations, clothing choices, weather conditions, and so on? While each situation is unique, you may want to use an algorithm when being accurate is the primary concern. Knowing which approach to use is important because these two methods can vary in terms of speed and accuracy. a. culture does not 1999-2023, Rice University. C. availability heuristic. Mental images In the process, your brain gathers details that inform and refine your understanding of related concepts like democracy, power, and freedom. Explicit memories are those we consciously try to remember, recall, and report. a. adults. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. grove hill medical center new britain, ct; . There are situations where using an algorithm can be the best approach: The downside of using an algorithm to solve the problem is that this process tends to be very time-consuming. When you first learn new skills such as driving a car, you have to put forth effort and attention to encode information about how to start a car, how to brake, how to handle a turn, and so on. Explicit memory includes episodic and semantic memory. In psychology, for example, Piagets stages of development are abstract concepts. D. Children understand metaphor and satire usually between ages 11 and 14. B. confirmation bias Lets say you graduated from high school 10 years ago, and you have returned to your hometown for your 10-year reunion. "rule of thumb." The last step in the problem-solving process is _____. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . D. convergent thinking. People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment. nondeclarative (implicit) memory. Once we receive sensory information from the environment, our brains label or code it. For a circuit, the GaAs MESFET threshold voltage is VTN=0.15VV_{T N}=0.15 \mathrm{~V}VTN=0.15V. Let RD=50kR_D=50 \mathrm{k} \OmegaRD=50k. Here is another example. a. a mental set. Find the percentage. (p.254) . There are several types of schemata. As you drive home, you hear your phones ring tone. In some cases, people are better off learning everything . If complete accuracy is required, it is best to use an algorithm. Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? where the event takes place. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . This test can be considered: Creative intelligence is related to: A. Cognitive psychologists strive to determine and measure different types of intelligence, why some people are better at problem solving than others, and how emotional intelligence affects success in the workplace, among countless other topics. c. syntax B. When this happens, your brain automatically activates the firefighter schema and begins making assumptions that this person is brave, selfless, and community-oriented. Semantic memory is typically reported as facts. Chances are good that it was "plate.". which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. c. actual tasks involving cognition. In psychology, one of these problem-solving approaches is known as an algorithm. Concepts are informed by our semantic memory (you will learn more about semantic memory in a later chapter) and are present in every aspect of our lives; however, one of the easiest places to notice concepts is inside a classroom, where they are discussed explicitly.