reasons of great urgency. TheInternational Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursionsdefines Sterile Flight Deck as "any period of time when the flight crew should be not be disturbed, except for matters critical to the safe operation of the aircraft.". With the update of the Instrument Practical Test Standards (PTS) to include electronic flight instrument displays, flight management systems, GPS, and autopilot usage, knowledge of internal resources becomes an important component of flight training. A well designed assessment provides a student with something constructive upon which he or she can work or build. April 4, 2016 by Klauder Phil. runway! related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger disobeying the rule is not intentional. When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. From the start of flight training, the instructor must ensure students develop the habit of looking for other air traffic at all times. a very fine elucidation. Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. In Europe the Sterile Cockpit concept is addressed byEU-OPS 1.085paragraph (f)(9) although in less explicit terms than the FAR: The commander shallnot permit any crew member to perform any activity during take-off, initial climb, final approach and landing except those duties required for the safe operation of the aeroplane; Regardless of regulation, many operators have chosen voluntarily to apply similar rules within their company. cockpit rider not be allowed to create distractions. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. ADM training focuses on the decision-making process and the factors that affect a pilots ability to make effective choices, Timely decision-making is an important tool for any pilot. specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with The four-engine Dash 7 was In addition, the student should listen to the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS), or Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS), if available, and then monitor the tower frequency or Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to get a good idea of what traffic conditions to expect. violations: The way in which the sterile cockpit A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then is distinguished through insight and experience. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), "Accident and Incident Reports Show Importance of Sterile Cockpit Compliance". Background: While some studies have described the importance of reducing interruptions as a tactic to reduce medication errors, work is needed to assess the impact on . Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get The sterile cockpit rule was designed The ability to ride on an air carrier's When the decision-making process is presented to students, it is essential to discuss how the process applies to an actual flight situation. attention is diverted from the task of flying, the chance of error increases. This sterility of the cockpit environment is designed to enable . These problems are often due to inadequacies of the course or of the instructor. The early establishment of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. [Figure 8-2], Assignment of goals the student considers difficult, but possible, usually provides a challenge and promotes learning. As one reporter resolves: Another reporter offered a good suggestion In fact, experts have demonstrated that in order to ATC can help decrease pilot workload by providing traffic advisories, radar vectors, and assistance in emergency situations. sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate Stalls, landings, or an impending solo flight may cause concern. Students reluctant to use checklists can be reminded that pilots at all levels of experience refer to checklists, and that the more advanced the aircraft is, the more crucial checklists become. As pilots, we pride ourselves on the ability to multitask. jump seat is quite a valuable privilege, but it is important that the additional Look at how extraneous chatter with air traffic controllers introduced In a typical flight lesson, reasonable goals are listed in the lesson objectives and the desired levels of proficiency for the goals are included in statements that contain completion standards, Impatience is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized. (a) No certificate holder shall If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Most physical skills lend themselves to a sequential pattern where the skill is explained in the same step-by-step order normally used to perform it. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. When this occurs, the instructor should be prepared to schedule additional training, Positive exchange of flight controls is an integral part of flight training. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. Most illnesses adversely affect the acuteness of vision, hearing, and feeling, all of which are essential to correct performance, Airsickness can be a great deterrent to flight instruction. Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. Sterile Cockpit. Sixty percent of stall/spin accidents occurred during takeoff and landing, and twenty percent were preceded by engine failure. Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, The demonstration-performance method can be applied to the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction in three steps. As workload increases, attention cannot be devoted to several tasks at one time, and the pilot may begin to focus on one item. captain should also inform the flight attendants how they can determine if the Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. and other activities along the route and were not observing the 'sterile cockpit' Providing this atmosphere for learning is one of the first and most important tasks of the instructor. Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. Ask the student to pick it up, Ask the student to determine a heading to an airport using a chart, Ask the student to get something from the back seat, Ask the student to read the outside air temperature, Ask the student to call the Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) for weather information, Ask the student to compute true airspeed with a flight computer, Ask the student to identify terrain or objects on the ground, Ask the student to identify a field suitable for a forced landing, Have the student climb 200 feet and maintain altitude, then descend 200 feet and maintain altitude, Have the student reverse course after a series of S-turns, It is a flight instructors responsibility to teach the student how to take charge during a flight. Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. Significant emotional upsets may be due to personal problems, psychiatric disturbances, or a dislike of the training program or the instructor, The experiences of students outside their training activities affect behavior and performance in training; the two cannot be separated. For those who develop company procedures, consideration The FAA has established a policy for use of certain distractions on practical tests for pilot certification. Use ADM to correct faulty approaches and landing errors. one crew member to be "out of the loop." The student should also understand the correct sequence and be aware of safety precautions for each procedure or maneuver. By starting with the simplest skill, a student gains confidence and is less likely to become frustrated when faced with building skills that are more complex, Another consideration in this phase is the language used. Holding precise headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases average cruising performance, The use of integrated flight instruction provides the student with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside references are lost. Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. Although you are familiar with the area, you do not recognize any landmarks, and fuel is running low. It's no secret. This briefing includes the instrument indications to be expected, as well as the outside references to be used to control the attitude of the aircraft, Each new flight maneuver is introduced using both outside and instrument references with students developing the ability to maneuver an aircraft equally as well by instrument or outside references. The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. As the flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result, To implement her decision, Brenda plots the course changes and calculates a new estimated time of arrival. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. According to NTSB accident data, inflight encounters with weather (attempting VFR flight into IMC) is one of the most lethal types of GA flying, Integrated flight instruction begins with the first briefing on the function of the flight controls. Traditional assessment depends on a grading scale of "excellent, good, fair, poor" or "exceeds standards, meets standards, needs more training" which often meets the instructors needs but not the needs of the student, With the advent of SBT, collaborative assessment is used whenever the student has completed a scenario. Flight instructors should not exceed their own ability to perceive a problem, decide upon a course of action, and physically react within their ability to fly the aircraft, Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) section 121.542 requires flight crewmembers to refrain from nonessential activities during critical phases of flight. November 2, 2021 . When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. and serious incidents that perhaps could have been prevented. to know you" sort of chat. For example, have a student visualize how the flight may occur under normal circumstances, with the student describing how he or she would fly the flight. The PIC should brief passengers before the flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing any concerns, Possibly the greatest external resources during flight are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists. It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related, By taking a system approach to aviation safety, flight instructors interweave aeronautical knowledge, aircraft control skills, ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM into the training process, Historically, the term "pilot error" has been used to describe the causes of these accidents. flight is above or below 10,000 feet. The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. In an emergency situation, the first priority is to fly the aircraft and maintain a safe airspeed, Another important part of managing workload is recognizing a work overload situation. If the airplane has a canopy or roof window, wearing light-colored, porous clothing and a hat helps provide protection from the sun. Instruction must be keyed to the utilization of the interests and enthusiasm students bring with them, and to diverting their attention from their worries and troubles to learning the tasks at hand. The FAA holds him or her accountable. Since students generally imitate the instructors performance, the instructor must demonstrate the skill exactly the way the students are expected to practice it, including all safety procedures that the students must follow. (ACN 173707). What is a 'sterile cockpit'. full of sight-seeing crew members is an ASRS report looking for a place to happen To prevent these symptoms, it is recommended that an ample supply of water be carried and used at frequent intervals on any long flight, whether the pilot is thirsty or not. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. Since some of the most valuable internal resources are ingenuity, knowledge, and skill, pilots can expand flight deck resources immensely by improving their capabilities. If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. Friends- The weather is warm, the evenings are long, the grandchildren are fun, and I haven't felt like writing. Any observed tendency of a student to enter flight maneuvers without first making a careful check for other air traffic must be corrected immediately. After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. more than one culprit. The controller growled a little, instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no problem passing the practical test, A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance. a pretty good idea when it is first considered. Would suggest that, in these flight circumstances where cruise Students who are not completely at ease, and whose attention is diverted by discomforts such as the extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, or noise and confusion, cannot learn at a normal rate. During all phases of flight training, CFIs should remember they are role models for the student. Traditionally, flight instructors explained errors in performance, pointed out elements in which the deficiencies were believed to have originated and, if possible, suggested appropriate corrective measures. Students need to know not only what they will learn, but also how they will learn itthat is, how the lesson will proceed and how they will be evaluated. The instructor must be alert and ensure the students understand the objectives of each step of their training, and that they know at the completion of each lesson exactly how well they have progressed and what deficiencies are apparent. The job of the instructor is to challenge the student with realistic flying situations without overburdening him or her with unrealistic scenarios, The FAA recommends that in all student flights involving landings in an aircraft, the flight instructor should teach a full stop landing. The most effective cure is prevention. when climbing above 10,000 feet. While researching the subject at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) website, he locates several sources that provide background information, such as the fact that, statistically, weather often poses some of the greatest risks to general aviation (GA) pilots, regardless of their experience level. The Sterile Cockpit Rule is an FAA regulation requiring pilots to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. Instill importance of "see and avoid" in the student, During landingconduct stabilized approaches, maintain desired airspeed on final, demonstrate good judgment for go-arounds, wake turbulence, traffic, and terrain avoidance. This is true no matter how diligently they attempt to apply themselves to the learning task, A minor illness, such as a cold, major illness, or injury, interferes with the normal rate of learning. Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. (c) For the purposes of this surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. airmanship in not monitoring altitude and course information. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. (Click The following are examples of distractions that can be used for this training: Drop a pencil. 08. jna 2022 . Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. The weather at the time of the incident was reported as marginal VFR due to rain showers and thunderstorms. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. For example, failure of a landing-gear-extended light to illuminate could indicate that the gear is not down and locked into place or it could mean the bulb is burned out. If the student is unable to land in the first third, teach him or her to make an immediate go around. Since useful tools and sources of information may not always be readily apparent, learning to recognize these resources is an essential part of ADM training. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. Judging from these When the instructor suspects this, students should be required to vary the performance of the maneuver slightly, combine it with other operations, or apply the same elements to the performance of other maneuvers. Emergencies require the pilot to thinkassess the situation, choose and execute the actions that assure safety, not act in a rote manner, It is important for flight instructors to teach students that declaring an emergency when one occurs is an appropriate reaction. potentially dangerous. At the same time, the student should be allowed to practice the entire maneuver often enough to achieve the level of proficiency established in the lesson objectives. The main responsibility of the Instructor is" "instructor typically teaches subjects that Scouts are eager to learnespecially those such as first aid, camping, and backpackingthat are required for outdoor . accidents. about five nautical miles from the airport. Jumping, Aiming and Breaking, learn how to hit center ball. The flight instructor should demonstrate good aviation sense at all times: Before the flightdiscuss safety and the importance of a proper preflight and use of the checklist, During flightprioritize the tasks of aviating, navigating, and communicating. All rights reserved. Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. should be given to developing something that doesn't create its own set of distractions. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling.